Successful development of mutual trade and economic ties between Russia and the Netherlands has been lasting for centuries. In ancient times, when both states were actively developing, vessels loaded with various goods were already cruising between their shores; while national leaders were building bilateral trade policy. The development of cooperation reached its peak during the time of Peter the Great, when the Russian Empire carried out industrialization by entering into a full-scale international industrial cooperation with its historical partner. Participation of the Russian state in the development of trade and economic relations with the Netherlands took different shapes depending on the current needs and capabilities of the country. However, specially authorized envoys who carried out their functions on the territory of the Netherlands played exclusively important role in it, whether they were representatives of the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Tsarist Russia in Rotterdam or the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in the pre-war years. October 1945, when the Trade Representation opened its doors in Amsterdam, marked the new chapter in the history of trade relations between two countries. Historical review of the activities conducted by the Trade Mission in one of the world's TOP economically developed countries of the world over the 75-year period is demanded for providing advice in respect to setting up of strategic plans for the development of foreign trade in terms of exports, deepening international industrial cooperation and faster adaptation to the requirements by foreign markets.

Based on the latest data, the article examines the quantitative indicators of foreign trade in goods of the European Union (EU27) over the past 15 years with states that are not part of this economic grouping. Trends in the structure and dynamics of foreign trade turnover are revealed, including those determined by changing role of Great Britain and the United States in connection with Britain's secession from the Union (Brexit) in January 2020. In particular, there is a convergence in the growth rates of the studied countries group and an increase in its share in EU imports while reducing the share in merchandise exports. The quantitative trends of changes in the trade balance and commodity structure are analyzed. The author identifies the most significant factors determining the development of EU commodity exchange, comprising the role of US oil exports and anti-Russian sanctions. Some promising areas of research on this issue are determined with consideration of the results obtained by Russian and foreign scientists, such as competitiveness and the formation of the global value chains.

The significant role of the United States in global innovative industrial production and related foreign trade in high-tech products requires studying the interaction between these two phenomena of economic development of the country in the space-time continuum. By studying the dynamics of structural indicators of export-import components of US foreign trade in industrial goods with high knowledge intensity and the nature of their ratio in absolute terms (balance) for the period 1946-2019, long-term trends that determine its sectoral (in this case, by product groups) and territorial (spatial) structure in the global system of world economic relations are revealed. The interrelation of the de-industrialization of the American economy as a whole and the constant growth of the innovative potential of the industrial sector of the US economy with a slowdown in the external economic impact of the country's high-tech industries on the world market is shown, despite the historically established competitive advantages of this group of manufacturing industries and their successful development in the domestic market of the United States.

This article deals with the peculiarities of consumer value formation from the point of view of social construction of reality and the marketing approach formed in accordance with the research of the Plekhanov School of Marketing in the field of building and offer to potential buyers of primary residential real estate by developers. Theoretical studies are based on the works of the classics of world and national scientific literature in the field of research of the category of value and value proposition. A comparative review of the concept's application in the primary real estate market was carried out, including examples from both Russian and foreign practice, with the presentation of specific practical cases, as well as analytical materials of international research companies. On the basis of the analysis of the real estate market as a whole, the factors influencing the formation of value-based sales stimulation in the primary real estate market, applicable not only to the domestic market, but also to the notorious market due to their similarity and absence of significant national differences in relation to this aspect of residential real estate development, as well as possible sales techniques applicable to the offer of an object of real estate that meets the criteria of root value supply to consumers.

In this article, as part of the implementation of the basic part of the state assignment in the field of scientific activity (project N FSSW-2020-0009), the authors systematize leading international and local practices of managing competitiveness based on collected and analyzed secondary data from recent studies of 2015-2020. The authors specify that in a post-industrial market economy, managing competitiveness of an economic entity is predetermined by the presence of competitive advantages, which depend not on the output of an economic entity but on the key competencies that create value for potential and actual consumers. Accordingly, the authors identify aspects in creating competitive advantages by foreign and Russian companies based on key competencies that allow to: create value for consumers, differentiate from competitors, and have the universality to effectively manage competitiveness of the company. Based on a large array of data on international and Russian practices of managing competitiveness the authors analyzed mainly marketing and management methods that allow to acquire key competencies to create competitive advantages. This approach was due to the fact that it is marketing and management as fields of science and their practical application that make it possible to achieve competitive advantages through innovative approaches to creating and delivering values to potential and actual consumers based on key competencies.

The article considers the issues around online dispute resolution (ODR). The text examines the main application areas of the ODR system, as well as the main methods used in ODR. In addition, the article provides an analytical review of the international, national and private initiatives in the adoption of ODR around the world as a promising and modern type of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The article evaluates the current status of the ODR development in Russia and in the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), as well as practices that have already been applied by the Russian enterprises within the framework of this system. The prospects of further ODR development in Russia are discussed, and conclusions and practical recommendations are given as well. ODR is the modern instrument for dealing with one of the most pressing, and at the same time unresolved issues for the cross-border online business (especially for the small and medium enterprises), namely the resolution of disputes arising both between suppliers and sellers (or the electronic trading platform operators) and between them and consumers. Despite the relevance of this issue, especially during the spread of COVID-19, the majority of the countries are at the first stages of the discussion and the development of the national and international regulation. Business treats this issue with caution as well.

The article considers the experience of digital transformation of banking services in foreign countries from the point of view of its application in Russian practice. The study was conducted by analytical, economic and statistical methods on the basis of legislative regulations and economic reports. New types of operations arising on the basis of rapidly developing information technologies are considered and classified. It is shown that in different countries the pace of launching quick payment systems and other innovative means of customer service, as well as the conditions for their functioning, are determined by the goals and objectives, therefore, users are offered different functionality. The practice of developing mobile banks abroad is heterogeneous. Based on the experience of leading countries in this field, Russian banks independently implement and develop innovative payment technologies. The audience of domestic mobile banks in Russia is growing steadily. The main calculation, as in foreign countries, is done on an active, self-educated, open to creative contact user who is able not only to respond, but also to generate new conditions for interaction. The expansion of international banking cooperation and the standardization of approaches in the field of mobile payments will inevitably lead to the fact that mobile devices, replacing cash and reducing the share of bank cards, will play a leading role in making payments, as they provide a combination of flexibility and accessibility.

The article is devoted to the study of the activity of the People's Republic of China (China) in the world market. The purpose of this study is to study the international interaction of Chinese state-owned oil companies and identify the specifics of their behavior strategy in the Kazakhstan market. The subject of the research is the strategy of internationalization; the subject of the research is the Chinese state oil companies. As a methodology for this study, comparative analysis, the method of analysis and synthesis of information about the object of research, methods of analysis of statistical and expert data are used. Based on the research, the author concludes that expansion is used. Chinese state-owned oil companies strive to develop international cooperation, primarily based on historically established partnerships. The internationalization strategy prevailing in Chinese companies has its own characteristics depending on the partner country. Over twenty years, Chinese companies have confidently consolidated their positions in the oil and gas industry of Kazakhstan thanks to initial investments in the assets of Kazakhstani companies, in joint projects to develop new and modernize old fields, and to build new plants.