In the last quarter of a century, research and discussion of the phenomenon called postglobalization, affecting all countries of the world and forming new approaches to global socio-economic development, which are designed to ensure its sustainability in the long term, have become increasingly relevant in the scientific literature and world practice and politics. The study of postglobalization has not only a theoretical cross-section and is not limited to the tasks of further development of economic theory as a new mainstream. Understanding of postglobalization as a global process, its characteristics, principles, general and particular mechanisms can provide in practice new opportunities for further progress of individual States, including developing ones. At the same time, changing the role of individual states and their groups in global political, economic, social, cultural, technical and other algorithms will ensure the protection of cultural identity, national security, growth and development. Emerging market economies are particularly interested in this, as they seek to reduce politicization and hegemony, and destroy the neo-colonialist mechanisms and tools that persist in the context of globalization, widely used by the Global North. The article attempts to analyze and systematize the theoretical approaches of anti-globalists, both domestic and foreign, primarily Western, to the development of directions of the post-global world and mechanisms for its provision. The author presents stage-by-stage evolution of the term "postglobalization" as a consequence of various interpretations of reality in different periods of time. At the same time, the author comes to the conclusion that today there is no unified approach to understanding postglobalization as a whole, as well as its elements and directions, which ensures the need and possibility of further development of research.

In the modern world, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) became an important tool for the implementation of national industrial and trade policy. Such zones offer favorable conditions for doing business, including trade and tax incentives, facilitated administrative procedures, as well as access to infrastructure. Since their emergence, they have stimulated the development of international trade, technological exchange, innovation activity among enterprises, as well as contributed to job creation. However, in response to global challenges, the traditional concept of SEZs is undergoing a transformation. Their role goes beyond traditional economic objectives. Increasingly, the emphasis is shifting to the implementation of sustainable development principles. Today economic policy cannot be successful without taking into account environmental, social and economic dimensions. The purpose of this article is to analyze a new type of SEZs – SDG model zones. The study presents an analysis of SEZs' performance, identifies specific characteristics of the new generation of SEZs, and determines how they can contribute to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is concluded that new-generation zones can become an engine of sustainable economic growth by combining environmental initiatives, social responsibility and long-term economic benefits.

The rapid transformations of the global economy in recent years have necessitated tracking the dynamics of knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries, identifying the prospects for their impact on the development of states in the modern global world. The purpose of the article is to study trends and identify the features of the formation of added value of the high-tech and knowledge-intensive industry at the global level and at the country level based on the international industry classification. The article provides a content analysis of available sources, uses databases of international statistics, Russian statistical yearbooks and thematic collections, and applies a multi-level comparative analysis of gross value added indicators of knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries. The study period is 2018–2022. The article considers the value added index of knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries, measured as the cost of goods and services produced by the industry (gross output), minus the cost of intermediate resources (energy, materials and purchased services). Based on the author's research, it is concluded that during the period under study, despite the increased economic pressure from sanctions, the high-tech sector of the economy of the Russian Federation developed especially dynamically. Based on the conducted research, the author identifies the points (countries) of breakthrough growth in the value added of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the global gross product, global value added by industry and by individual countries (China, USA, Russian Federation). The conducted research allows us to conclude that over the period under study, despite the increased economic and political pressure from sanctions, the high–tech sector of the Russian economy is increasing its share of value added. And Russia can reasonably be added to the countries of breakthrough growth in terms of added value in the global economy, China and the United States.

The objective of this study is to analyse energy trade between Russia and China in the situation of the EU and US economic sanctions. The article fills the gap in research on the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy at the level of individual sectors of the economy, in particular energy sector. The analysis is based on statistical data on Russia-China energy trade from 2000 to 2023, i. e. before and after sanctions were imposed, as well as documents and information on the EU and US economic sanctions. We consider the types of economic sanctions, trends in the development of Russia-China trade in energy resources under sanctions, as well as adaptive measures taken in Russia-China energy trade and their consequences. The impact of 2014 and 2022 economic sanctions on the Russian economy and trade is compared, and the effect of sanctions on Russia-China energy trade is analysed. It is concluded that because of EU and US sanctions and adaptive measures taken by Russia and China, energy trade and cooperation between the two countries have strengthened; however, Russia faces the challenge of diversifying exports and developing trade in the context both of sanctions and the energy transition. This article contributes to research in the field of international energy trade, and offers practical recommendations for energy cooperation between Russia and China.

The article presents a forecast assessment of the development of the national economy and foreign trade of Iran until 2030, calculated by the authors on the basis of mathematical and systematic analysis of macroeconomic processes and methods of modeling using the Box – Jenkins model (ARIMA). Estimation method: the exact maximum likelihood method. The topic seems relevant due to Iran's joining the BRICS from 2024. Therefore, it is important to predict possible trends in Iran's economic and foreign trade development, firstly, for the country itself, and secondly, for the other BRICS member countries and the association as a whole. The study is updated taking into account the continued increase in global volatility, as well as instability in the world, including Asia and the Islamic world, and the emergence of new threats. The subject is the trends of Iran's economic development as a member of the BRICS. The purpose of the article is to develop a scientifically based forecast of the development of Iran's economy and foreign trade in the medium term. The article identifies potential threats to the development of the Iranian economy. The statistical basis of the study was mainly data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The results of the study can be used to understand the trends of socio-economic and foreign trade development of the country, adjust this development, as well as expand and enrich the theoretical concepts of the world economy. The research and author's calculations are based solely on the current circumstances and current realities, without taking into account any fundamental changes in the politics and economy of the country under study. The author's calculations and conclusions can be useful to economists, entrepreneurs, and researchers as a basis for their further practical and scientific activities.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the state and dynamics of foreign trade cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Iran from 2003 to 2022. The research is based on statistical data from the customs authorities of the member countries, analyzing the evolution of the structure of multilateral trade and assessing the impact of various factors on the development of trade and economic relations. The article demonstrates that despite the growth in trade turnover, the trade structure is characterized by very low diversification, with the agro-industrial complex products playing a dominant role. Special attention is given to aspects such as Iran's protectionist policies and the international economic sanctions imposed on Iran and Russia, and their impact on trade. It is shown that the weak development of trade is due to Iran's protection of its domestic market, which not only prevents EAEU exporters from presenting their products in the Iranian market but also reduces the international competitiveness of Iranian industry, which has long existed in non-competitive conditions. The article also examines the impact of the Interim Agreement aimed at creating a free trade zone between the EAEU and Iran on the foreign trade cooperation of the parties. The prospects for further cooperation are analyzed, and the most promising product niches are identified in light of the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between Iran and the EAEU. The article shows that the most effective means of developing trade is the further development of efforts to remove trade barriers through the integration of Iran into the EAEU free trade zone.

The relevance of the topic is caused by the high rate of development of digital transformation in the world and in certain regions, such as Western Asia, in particular on the Arabian peninsula. To understand the directions, features, problems and prospects of digital transformation, as well as its regional and country differentiation, it is important to comprehend its conceptual essence and dynamic trends taking place in this process. In addition, the process of digital transformation, effectively implemented in practice in various countries, makes it possible to reduce the digital gaps that have already been formed in the world. Modern research on digital transformation examines its various aspects, directions, opportunities and threats. However, they are presented in a fragmented form and do not have a single and generally accepted approach to defining this process. The article analyzes the author's approaches available in the modern scientific economic literature (Russian and foreign), and gives their classification from a scientifically based author's point of view. The systematic approach applied in this article made it possible to analyze the situation in various aspects and, based on the generalization of existing trends, formulate the author's position on the problem under consideration.

Today digital transformation is gaining strategic importance, directly affecting the structure of the economy, its organization, and numerous, including fundamental, quantitative and qualitative parameters, indicators of socio-economic development. Digital transformation affects the micro and macro levels, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to analyze various directions of modern digital transformation processes in the global economy. The subject of the study is the digitalization of the world economy, the object is various directions and the overall impact on global processes. It is proved that digital innovations play a key role today for understanding current trends, determining prospects and making informed decisions in the field of economic policy. It is shown that the digital economy has passed through a number of stages of development, has various forms of phenomenon and affects both geographical and sectoral aspects of the global economy, exerting an increasingly noticeable impact not only on the economic, but also on the social sphere. That is why digital gaps pose a threat to the stability of global development in the digital age. The authors substantiate the point of view that bridging digital gaps is today the most important global task, the solution of which, at least, the mitigation of digital gaps, is achievable exclusively within the framework of purposeful international cooperation. The methodological basis of the conducted research is general scientific methods of analysis, such as description, comparison, as well as the economic and statistical method and the method of visualization of statistical data.

The economic reforms in Saudi Arabia in 2016-2023 and their preliminary results are considered. The socio-economic model of Saudi Arabia, which existed in 1962-2015, is characterized in the article, it is determined that the model`s maintenance has objective limits due to rapid population growth on the one side with a constant level of oil production on the other. In this regard, the objective causality of the reforms that began in Saudi Arabia in 2016 is illustrated. It is shown that the reforms are carried out in the budgetary, social, investment and sectoral spheres. The decisions of the country's authorities related to the transition to economic diversification are considered. Oil wealth is being redirected to the manufacturing sectors, the extractive non-oil industry, the green economy and services industries – tourism, real estate, entertainment and sports, transport, and financial services. The socio-economic aspects that complicate the development of industry and contribute to the orientation towards the diversification by services development. The key role of the Public Investment Fund in financing the economy has been studied. The Fund acts as a holding structure that participates in the ownership and capital of leading companies in major industries. The directions of state oil company Saudi Aramco's diversification are characterized; Saudi Arabia's policy on the development of non-oil industries is also considered.

In the context of growing global risks and challenges that increasingly negatively affect countries and the dynamics of their socio-economic development, the need to study the processes of regional economic integration, in particular, within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), is becoming urgent. Integration processes contribute to the stabilization of socio-economic processes, solving important (including environmental) problems, stimulating mutual trade and investment cooperation between countries, strengthening security, as well as the dissemination of unique knowledge and modern technologies. International (intraregional) trade remains the main form of economic cooperation between the EAEU states. Historically, the Eurasian Economic Union was created. for the purpose of conducting a joint policy of states in the field of economic development. Also, in the process of strengthening integration, the EAEU countries are gradually expanding the scope of their cooperation in order to smoothly transition to more developed forms of integration association. Since its establishment in 2015, a large number of measures have been developed and successfully implemented within the framework of the EAEU aimed at identifying and gradually eliminating factors hindering the development of integration processes. With the help of the block's development strategies, supranational bodies strive to minimize the impact of internal and external factors on the growth of the economies of the member states of the union. However, in the process of mutual trade and under the influence of mainly external factors, problems remain that need to be solved in order to ensure an increase in the effectiveness of integration and countering external threats. The purpose of the study is to analyze trade and economic cooperation between the EAEU countries in terms of identifying and classifying the main obstacles to its further development. The object of the study is the trade and economic cooperation of the EAEU countries. The author concludes that the diversification of the national economy, especially industry, can help mitigate the existing contradictions.

The BRICS, as an interstate association, was created to strengthen and optimize the interaction of the participating countries in the economic field. For 2023, the BRICS member countries were Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa. However, following the results of the XV summit of the participating countries in Johannesburg (August 2023), it was decided that the quantitative composition of the BRICS would increase to 11 participants from 2024, that is, more than doubled due to the accession of six more countries to the organization – Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Argentina. The hypothesis of the study is that the expansion of the BRICS will have specific and far-reaching stimulating consequences for the global economy, the participating countries in various fields of economic, scientific, technical, financial and other types of cooperation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the economic consequences of the growth of the quantitative composition of the BRICS both for the participating states themselves and the global economy as a whole. The author substantiates the point of view that the expansion of the BRICS in the context of growing global instability will stimulate interstate cooperation not only with the participating countries, but also with third countries due to their more active involvement in new mechanisms of interaction. This will require efforts and costs on the part of all BRICS states, since the change in the global geo-economic configuration, as well as the BRICS ecosystem, carries new risks due to the growth of differentiation and pain points of the organization. The scientific novelty of the article is contained in the study of the potential opportunities of the BRICS and the transformation of the organization and its role in the world economy system, taking into account new opportunities and challenges. Moreover, both will have a synergistic effect. The author argues the point of view about the growing pressure on the BRICS in the new format in the short and medium term due to increased risks, which requires greater coordination of actions in the organization's system. It is important for countries to expand and consistently implement joint and adequate measures in the normative, technical, economic and organizational spheres of interaction.

The article explores the ecosystem approach as a conceptual framework for establishing a unified development institution, with a focus on BRICS countries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the possibility of forming a single development institution based on an ecosystem approach using the example of the BRICS countries. The object of the study is national and international development institutions, and the subject is institutional management mechanisms based on an ecosystem approach. The author analyzes the specific application of the ecosystem approach in national and international development institutions, emphasizing institutional management mechanisms and their adaptation to contemporary challenges. The study highlights the key advantages of the ecosystem approach, such as increased transparency, reduced transaction costs, and the integration of digital technologies. Particular attention is given to the reform of the development institution system in Russia, including the creation of a unified institution based on VEB.RF. Examples of successful implementation of the ecosystem approach in BRICS countries are presented, along with prospects for utilizing such models to ensure sustainable economic growth. The research employs methods of systems, structural-functional, and institutional analysis, enabling the author to propose effective solutions for enhancing the resilience of economic systems amidst global instability.