The policy of applying sanctions to a particular country is most often used in order to reduce the development opportunities of this country and oust it from the world economic space. The authors give a brief description of international sanctions applied to a number of countries (including the Russian Federation) in recent years. The analysis of the orientation of sanctions on a number of enlarged sectors of the economy is carried out, the groupings of sanctions according to the methods of their impact are justified. In particular, the study highlights sanctions aimed at human capital as having the most significant and prolonged impact on the economies of countries subjected to sanctions persecution. The most characteristic measures of sanctions pressure, allowing to limit the opportunities for economic growth and development, are identified on the example of a number of countries. The national and international experience of overcoming sanctions is analyzed. The analysis made it possible to identify typical groups of anti-sanctions (protective) measures introduced in response to unfriendly actions both for the national economy of the Russian Federation and for a number of other countries. The consequences of sanctions pressure on the economy of different countries are highlighted. Conclusions are drawn about the need to search for alternative methods of countering sanctions that allow minimizing the damage to the national economy from their application. 

The beginning of the third decade of the 21st century was marked by a sharp escalation of foreign trade wars. In the context of imposition of global challenges such as fragmentation of the world geo-economic space, forced adjustments in the energy transition policy, exacerbation of antagonism between developed and catching them up developing countries, and the prospects of a new wave of innovations, the declining effectiveness of classical defensive foreign trade tools is becoming increasingly clear. Simultaneous weakening of the positions of economic leaders - the United States of America and the European Union allows applicants for their place in the world hierarchy from among the developing countries to join the race for the economic initiative of a new way of life. In these realities, a system of neo-protectionism is being formed. The process of legalization of hidden protectionism and the creation of a system of secondary and tertiary sanctions serve as a catalyst for the transformation of protective mechanisms. The main features of the emerging system are the ever-increasing going beyond the perimeter of the exclusively economic sphere and the expansion of extraterritorial tools for influencing the competitor's economy. The formation of the system of neo-protectionism takes place in two planes: on the one hand, the tasks of protecting the positions of the hegemon by restraining the economic growth of the nearest competitors are being implemented, on the other hand, the countries claiming leadership, by launching countermeasures, are looking for opportunities to fend off the threats and, if possible, build up an innovative industrial base. 

The article discusses the directions of internationalization of the activities of the world's leading multinational companies. Based on the value of the transnationality index, companies with the highest internationalization rates are identified, which include companies from large and small highly developed countries. The reasons for their international expansion are substantiated. The reasons for increasing the activity of companies in the field of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, on the one hand, and getting rid of foreign branches, on the other, are analyzed. The forms of entry into the market of digital and high-tech TNCs, including transactions on cross-border mergers and acquisitions and greenfield investments, are being investigated. The article shows the problems of reducing the inflow of foreign direct investment into the Russian economy and the reasons for the departure of foreign companies from developed countries, including the United States and Europe, as well as options for replacing investments with investments of Russian entrepreneurs. It is concluded that in these conditions companies from friendly countries, primarily from China, can begin to expand their investments, which is especially important in the field of mechanical engineering. 

The article examines the concepts of "technicality" and "manufacturability" in relation to trading services. On the basis of a number of regulatory and scientific approaches, methods have been identified that allow for a rational assessment of the techniques of performing trade services. A scheme of the methodology for assessing the technical and technological effectiveness of trade services has been compiled, sources of necessary information and expected results have been identified. A model for assessing the technical and technological effectiveness of trading services is presented, taking into account individual indicators and their weighting coefficients. A scale of evaluation of the results of the analysis is proposed, deviations affecting the score are noted. The intervals in the score assessment are determined, determining the category of trade services from the position of their technical level of performance, taking into account the general level of qualification of personnel, equipment of the trading enterprise with means and tools for the provision of relevant services, as well as the experience of using means of material support to improve the quality characteristics of trade services. The purpose of the study is to develop an approach to determining the state of the art of execution of trade services from the position of their technicality and technology, acting as qualitative indicators. The relevance of the study is caused by the lack of methods and methodologies in the practice of assessing the quality of trade services, providing for the definition of the category of trade services from the point of view of the level of technicality and manufacturability of their execution and allowing an objective assessment of the compliance of the provided trade services with the declared level of the enterprise and consumer expectations. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of a methodology for assessing the technical and technological nature of trade services to establish their category, reflecting the general level of organization of the enterprise. General scientific approaches were used as research methods, including methods of desk research, analysis and deduction, observation and synthesis, based on the study of the provisions of regulatory legal acts, as well as previous studies of domestic and foreign scientists. 

The relevance of the topic is predetermined, on the one hand, by the strengthening of the global trend of digitalization, and, on the other, by the need for individual countries and regions of the developing world to intensify their efforts in the field of the digital economy in order to diversify production and foreign trade. The process under study is considered as one of the opportunities for the transformation of the hydrocarbon specialization of most countries in Western Asia, the development of new high-tech and advanced industries based on regional cooperation and interaction with third countries. An important goal of the digital transformation of the countries of Western Asia remains the need to stabilize national socioeconomic development and reduce dependence on the volatility of the world oil market. In addition, according to the author, the experience of oil-producing and oil-exporting countries of Western Asia in the field of digitalization can be adapted for other resource-rich countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to analyze current trends in the development of digitalization in the Middle East countries, as well as new opportunities opening up to their socio-economic systems. The article substantiates the necessity and possibility of digitalization, shows its main directions in the group of countries under consideration. Based on the analysis, the author argues the point of view that the introduction of digital technologies in Western Asia can bring huge social and economic benefits and contribute to the emergence of new jobs in a region with a high birth rate. 

The article examines systemic changes in the process of digital trade in the XXI century, as well as new risks and threats that appear objectively in the global digital market in many ways. It is shown that the introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of the world economy since the beginning of the XXI century has spread to the system of international economic relations, primarily international trade as the most actively developing form of international economic relations. The purpose of the article is to study the features and formulate the main characteristics of trade in this segment of the world market in 2000–2021. The authors note that today in the digital segment of the world economy, including in trade, the situation is somewhat different than in other (traditional) segments. In particular, it is not possible to extend tariff and non-tariff restrictions to digital trade, there is no need to make costly investments, which reduces the costs of business entities and increases the efficiency of their trading operations. At the same time, the growth of competition in the digital segment of international trade, the need to strengthen cybersecurity and the level of copyright and intellectual property protection encourage companies to step up efforts in innovation and R&D, in the educational process and, in general, to increase their presence in the social environment. Since digital commerce will be actively developing in the future, all these processes, according to the authors, require attention from enterprises, society and the state. 

Global biopharmaceutical market state is currently of particular importance not only as a primary economic characteristic and a condition for the successful healthcare organization in different countries, but also as a safety from possible pandemics guarantee. Various vaccines production plays a special role becoming one of the modern bioeconomy sectors. The bioeconomy, as an activity, is based on industrial biotechnologies and new knowledgebased approaches for the efficient bioproducts production derived from natural resources, and is focused on solving various environmental, as well as political and even social issues for sustainable development. The purpose of the article is to study the general trends in the production and turnover of vaccines on the biopharmaceutical market, taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on vaccination complications and manifestations of pharmaceutical companies' competition in the vaccine market with various consequences are presented. It is concluded that the effective functioning of the global vaccine market can be considered as an important element of sustainable development on the way to achieving the protection of citizens from dangerous diseases and ensuring social welfare due to the development of biotechnologies. 

The Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey are intensifying their bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere, which has a long and ambiguous history. Despite some unfavorable moments, at present it is constantly developing incrementally. The article shows the main directions of economic cooperation between the two countries, as well as trade and investment ties. The authors conclude that on the basis of strengthening national economies, not only quantitative and qualitative development of cooperation between the two countries, which are large economic entities, is taking place, but also a new enclave of globality is being formed, which in the future may have an impact on both regional and global processes. According to the authors, what is happening is a response to the growing volatility of the world economy, as a result of which the rules-based system of the world economy will collapse. The authors applied modern methods of economic research, including statistical, visualization method and positive approach. The article used statistical data from the international database of UNCTAD, as well as analytical data from Russian and Turkish researchers. 

The article analysis the peculiarities of Russian imports from Turkmenistan during the years of the Ukrainian crisis, which began in 2014 and continues today. This crisis and its international consequences have a great impact on Russia's foreign trade policy and its trade turnover with various countries of the world. The identification of the peculiarities of Russia's imports from Turkmenistan is carried out on the basis of data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia, Rosstat and a number of scientific papers, with the help of which the dynamics of the following foreign trade indicators over all the years of the Ukrainian crisis is comprehensively and systematically investigated: the total volume of trade turnover between Russia and Turkmenistan and Russian imports from this country in value terms; the general structure of Russian imports and the specific weight (share) in it of the main commodity groups and positions, their сost values; the share of Turkmenistan in the total turnover and imports of the Russian Federation. For the purposes of the study, a comparative analysis of a number of the above indicators with the corresponding statistics of the previous period (2008–2013) was also carried out. The study showed the following: the dynamics of Russian-Turkmen trade turnover during the Ukrainian crisis was diverse; the share of trade with Turkmenistan in the total turnover of Russia, as well as the share of Turkmen supplies in the total volume of Russian imports did not change compared to the previous period; the basis of Russian imports from Turkmenistan were goods of five commodity groups; Russian imports themselves in the period under review as a whole and separately by the main commodity groups and positions showed diverse dynamics. 

The article analyzes the impact of unprecedented sanctions of the United States and the European Union on certain segments of the agricultural and industrial complex of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the problems arising in this case have a direct impact on the country's food security. The authors have outlined the tasks on the solution of which the development of the country's agro-industrial complex will largely depend. It is noted that the effectiveness of the tasks set, as well as the activity of Russian business will determine the near future of the Russian economy. Many foreign companies have left the Russian market, but their place has been taken by domestic manufacturers, someone sees threats in the situation, someone sees opportunities for development.

This article analyzes the resurrection of the Vietnam's tourism industry after COVID-19 pandemic, which had a significant impact on the tourism industry, particularly in terms of reducing travel demand and disrupting supply chains. However, the government has implemented several measures to support the industry and promote tourism, including financial assistance, tax incentives, and marketing campaigns. The article highlights the need for continued government support and strategic planning to ensure the long-term recovery and growth of Vietnam's tourism industry. In addition, this paper elaborates on the factors that have impacted the slow return of Vietnam's tourism industry post-COVID-19 pandemic and the government's role in promoting the country's tourism brand. Opportunities and recommendations for Vietnam are discussed to enhance its tourism industry and effectively promote its image in the post-pandemic era.

The purpose of this work is to highlight and detail the issue of the availability of the higher education system in the Russian Federation for the transition to the new concept of Education 2.0. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: descriptive methods, statistical methods, economic and mathematical methods, as well as methods of group expert assessment. As a result of the work done, the average level of availability of the higher education system in the Russian Federation for the transition to the new concept of Education 2.0 for a certain date was determined with high accuracy, and its constituent elements were also detailed within the middle levels for key projections: information, technological, legal, social, and economic. As a result, it was concluded that the entire system of higher education in the Russian Federation is not sufficiently prepared in the near term for the analyzed transition. As a recommendation in the area under consideration, it was suggested that it is advisable to implement the Education 2.0 concept locally in higher educational institutions in the Russian Federation with a high relative level of project funding (for example, in extended education programs, in retraining senior management personnel, as well as in the framework of specialized MBA and DBA programs). The novelty of the work done by the authors is determined by the projection structuring of the analyzed problem within five interconnected fields, as well as the obtaining of quantitative results with a high level of objectivity in the presentation of quantitative and qualitative results achieved including through the use of a complex of logically and analytically processed opinions of qualified experts.