The Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) regards as the leading economic cooperation framework in Northeast Asia, having been in operation for thirty years. Its development is under economic globalization, geostrategic shifts, and the subsequent rise of protectionism. This article examines the economic and legal characteristics of integration cooperation in the subregion. It analyzes the forms of decision-making within the association and describes the trade and economic relations between China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and Mongolia using indicators of trade turnover, the trade intensity index, and the trade complementarity index. As a result, the main stages of the GTI’s institutional development within the international economic system identify: international legal establishment (1995–2004); institutional restructuring (2005–2010); functional integration (2011–2020); digital and environmental transition (since 2021). Having emerged from the classical model of forming a subject of international law, over 30 years the GTI transforms into a «soft law» laboratory in the NEA based on cooperation and institutional interaction. The institutional development of the partnership has an indirect impact on the mutual trade flows of the participating countries, despite the high level of interest they show in one another. The aggregate imports of these countries grew at a faster pace, but trade flows are under geopolitical tensions. The trade intensity index between the participating countries confirms interest in the partnership, but there is potential for growth. The trade complementarity index indicates the relative compatibility of the countries’ trade profiles and illustrates a divergent trend. It concludes that there is a need to increase the intensity and complementarity of trade based on the principle of mutual benefit for all participants.

In the context of the global increase in the imbalance of global, regional and country economic systems, different countries are making efforts to create new catalysts for sustainable growth, such as the «blue» economy. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the segment of the «blue» economy of the Arab Republic of Egypt as a set of industries and activities related to the use of marine and coastal resources, and to identify the prospects for its development. The relevance of the study is determined by a number of geographical, economic and social features of the country. The article examines the current state of Egypt's «blue» economy, its role in ensuring sustainable development, the system of state support in the field of the «blue» economy, and areas of international cooperation. It is shown that the most important elements of Egypt's «blue» economy remain the Suez Canal, ports and port infrastructure, tourism, offshore gas production, fishing, projects in the field of aquaculture and bioresources, as well as renewable energy. All these elements of Egypt's «blue» economy have developed differentially, but they require the growing attention of the government, business and the public. The problems of the «blue» economy in Egypt have been identified: vulnerability to external shocks, lack of financing, and institutional problems. The methodological base of the research includes methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative method and elements of scenario forecasting. The main sources of the study were data from the Suez Canal Authority, the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries of the ARE (NIOF), the World Bank, FAO, as well as publications in peer-reviewed journals.

The article analyzes the results of the implementation of the "Made in China 2025" program and its role in the catching-up process of China's technological development, as well as the country's transition from a low-price export segment to the production of high-quality goods, from quantity to quality. The author systematizes the prerequisites for the promotion of the Program as a factor in the growth of Chinese art. The progress in achieving the Program is evaluated and unresolved issues are shown. A general description of the significance of the Program's implementation in China's strategy for the development of high-tech industries during import substitution and the achievement of technological sovereignty is given. The role of the Program is revealed in the process of moving away from China's image as a global assembly shop for mass goods using external technologies, as well as in its pursuit of the status of a developing technological power capable of its own innovations and the production of original, high-quality, competitive products. There are internal and external problems and challenges that hinder China's progressive development towards technological leadership. The criticism of Chinese and foreign researchers regarding the tools and the progress of the Program is presented. The prospects for the development of the program in its updated formulation Created in China are revealed. The author concludes that the "Made in China 2025" program is part of the Chinese leadership's strategic vision of the future as it moves from strategic planning to strategic goal setting.

Transformation of global economic relations presupposes reconsideration of approaches to assessment of foreign economic interaction of countries towards more flexible and soft formats, as, for example, partnership, including the Greater Eurasian partnership (GEP) initiated 2015 by the Russian President V. V. Putin. The goal of study is to conduct complex analysis of involvement of GEP countries into international trade and investment processes with use of econometric instruments in order to strengthen the interaction within GEP. The study is based on panel and paired data on 18 GEP countries for 2000–2024, presented in databases of international organizations (UNCTAD, World Bank, IMF, WTO, WIPO, UN Comtrade). The tools of a multilevel econometric model, including a gravity trading model, were used as the methodological basis of the study. An expanded gravity model of trade has been applied, taking into account economic size, distance, and institutional factors, and a multilevel econometric model analyzing the impact of trade, FDI, and technological readiness on the balance of payments for the period 2000–2024. The authors conclude that GEP has an integration potential, but it has a number of logistical and institutional barriers. Econometric calculations have confirmed that export concentration and import diversification are associated with increased integration, while logistical difficulties and limited trade agreements are associated with a slowdown. The development of GEP is facilitated by the activation of regional agreements.

The article provides a theoretical and methodological justification for increasing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural products on the world market. The competitiveness of Russian agri-food products in foreign markets is a key marker of the country's exports as a whole. The purpose of the study is to develop an integrated approach to enhance the foreign economic positions of Russian exporters of agro–food products. The trends of the modern market that directly affect the competitiveness of agri-food products are considered, the main challenges faced by Russian producers when entering export markets are listed, and the current level of competitiveness is assessed, as well as factors that positively and negatively affect the attractiveness of agricultural products. The study analyzes the direct and indirect impact of Western sanctions on the Russian agri-food market. A comprehensive approach is presented that promotes competitiveness, taking into account the integrated interaction of science, government and business. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study is based on the analysis of P. Krugman's new theory of international trade and the calculation of the index of revealed comparative advantages.

In modern geopolitical conditions, the Russian Federation needs to find new export opportunities in various regions of the world. Latin America could be of a certain interest in this context. The paper identifies challenges and prospects for trade relations between Russia and Uruguay. Based on statistical data from international organizations and expert interviews, it reveals stages in trade cooperation and systematizes key barriers to its development. The Russian-Uruguayan trade today is characterized by high volatility and a narrow export specialization. However, there is a potential for expansion in both traditional industries and new areas of cooperation. Financial and logistics barriers have a significant impact on relations between these countries, as do institutional challenges. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis conducted by the authors, a set of practical recommendations have been developed for government agencies and business representatives aimed at reducing transaction costs and diversifying exports. The role of state support at this stage of Russian-Uruguayan relations seems very important for fulfilling the strategic tasks of diversifying exports and strengthening cooperation.

The article provides an analysis of investment attractiveness of the Republic of Ghana for Russian companies in the context of the diversification of foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation and the expansion of cooperation with African countries. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively assess the economic, political and infrastructural factors that form the conditions for the implementation of investment projects and the development of long-term trade and economic cooperation. The paper examines the key macroeconomic parameters of the Ghanaian economy, including the dynamics of gross domestic product, industry structure, inflationary processes and features of currency instability. The article analyzes foreign trade and the structure of trade turnover between Russia and Ghana as an economic basis for expanding the investment presence. Special attention is paid to the assessment of political stability, as well as the state of the transport and logistics infrastructure, including port facilities and their importance for ensuring foreign economic activity. Additionally, the country's position in the international competitiveness index, reflecting the level of the business environment and institutional development, is investigated. Based on the analysis, the industries with the greatest potential for Russian business have been identified, including the agro-industrial complex, raw material processing, energy, infrastructure and logistics projects. The results obtained can be used by Russian companies and government agencies in shaping strategies for entering the Ghanaian market and developing economic cooperation with West African countries.

The article examines the processes of de-dollarization in the global monetary and financial system and the role of the BRICS countries in this process. It is shown that the BRICS countries are consistently promoting de-dollarization and expanding the practice of settlements in national currencies, implementing a range of measures, including the development of alternative payment systems and building up gold reserves. These steps make it possible to reduce dependence on the US dollar, minimize the risks of Western sanctions and increase resilience to the volatility of the US currency. The new BRICS members are also contributing to this process. In parallel, projects based on central banks' digital currencies are being developed. Nevertheless, the dollar continues to occupy a dominant position in the international financial system. However, there have been clear signs of gradual de-dollarization recently. The author concludes that, despite the existing difficulties, there is considerable potential and prospects for further cooperation in the field of de-dollarization within the framework of the BRICS; Today, the foundations have already been formed – objective and subjective prerequisites – for increasingly active de-dollarization, and this process seems irreversible. The author substantiates the point of view that today in BRICS it seems advisable to shift the emphasis from the idea of a single currency similar to the euro to more realistic alternatives – expanding the use of national currencies in mutual trade, creating a common unit of account for assessing commodity supplies and setting reference prices. These measures make it possible to move towards de-dollarization without having to solve the tasks of unifying monetary policies and creating a supranational regulator that are practically unsolvable at the current stage.

The purpose of this study is to determine Russia's role in the system of international transport corridors in Eurasia by analyzing key transport and logistics projects, including rail, road, port, and multimodal infrastructure, that underlie the trunk routes designed to promote the development of a Greater Eurasian Partnership for the benefit of all countries on the continent, countering the destructive theories of the Heartland and Rimland. The research methodology utilizes theoretical, empirical, quantitative, and qualitative methods. The authors' study demonstrates that a long-range route is emerging in Eurasia, within which Russia functions as a system-forming link, ensuring the connection of the eastern, western and southern segments of the continent. Implementation of Russia's proposed "Greater Eurasia" concept, supported by major countries in the region, will lead to the creation of a functioning model of networked transregionalism, the foundation and starting point of which will be the coordinated development of international transport infrastructure corridors. The growth in mutual trade, driven by the creation of transport infrastructure, will be greatly enhanced by the increased internal connectivity of the participating countries, which will receive a powerful incentive to ensure that Eurasian countries enjoy the conditions for accelerated development.

One of the main trends in global development is the decarbonization of production and the economy as a whole, initiated by Western countries and affecting global trade and, in particular, Russian exports through the mechanism of cross-border carbon regulation. The author substantiates the point of view that the modern transformation of integration processes often has a negative impact on Russian exports. The relevance of this study is determined by the urgent need for a comprehensive assessment of the effects of the introduction of CBAM on Russian exports, identification of the most vulnerable industries and companies, as well as the development of thoughtful adaptation strategies at both the corporate and government levels. The effectiveness of the response to this challenge will determine not only the preservation of Russia's market position in Europe, but also its long-term place in the structure of the global economy. The purpose of the article is to analyze and assess the risks to Russian exports as a result of the introduction by the European Union of a mechanism for cross–border carbon regulation. The article reveals the revealed high specific carbon intensity of Russian production in comparison with a number of competing countries. An assessment of the potential consequences for Russian exports revealed significant risks, both direct financial and structural in nature. Quantitative calculations based on the volume of exports, the carbon intensity of Russian production, and projected prices for carbon certificates indicate potential annual financial losses of several billion euros, which will primarily affect key export industries such as ferrous and non—ferrous metallurgy, fertilizer and cement production. These losses are not abstract; they will directly affect the profitability of Russia's leading exporting companies, their investment opportunities and, ultimately, revenues to the federal budget.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the geographical structure of Chinese exports to Russia in the context of provinces and other administrative units of the PRC. This topic is important for the organization and expansion of trade relations. Building a strategy for economic cooperation with China, choosing partners and locations, and forming logistics chains requires an understanding of the commodity specialization of China's regions, the location of industries of interest. Based on Chinese official statistics, the authors reveal the role of individual regions in exports to Russia as a whole and separately in the sector of machine-building products that predominate in supplies to the Russian Federation. In particular, the dominance of the coastal provinces of the East and Southeast, the growing importance of supplying machinery and equipment from a number of central regions, and the special role of the border province of Heilongjiang are shown. An attempt has been made to conduct correlation and regression analysis of the factors influencing the geography of Chinese exports to the Russian Federation, revealing its strong connection with the general geography of exports of Chinese provinces, as well as the special role of the location of a number of regions bordering Russia. The conclusions are illustrated with tables, diagrams, and maps.

The article shows that the active development of the global education market requires the Russian Federation to step up and update its policy towards increasing domestic educational and export potential. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and growing dynamics of Russian–Chinese cooperation in the field of higher education, which determines the relevance of the research topic. China remains an important partner of the Russian Federation in the global education market. The number of students in the Russian Federation from China has been steadily increasing over the past decade (with the exception of 2020). However, problems and challenges remain in this area, the overcoming of which, firstly, is vital for the development of Russian educational exports, and secondly, forces the state and educational institutions to take more active measures to create a favorable educational climate and raise the level of higher education in the Russian Federation, including through the digitalization of higher education. education. The study period is 2016-2025. The article is based on data from open sources and statistics from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

The period of deepening geopolitical fragmentation and strengthening of sanctions regimes creates serious challenges for international scientific and technical cooperation and ensuring technological sovereignty. In this context, the task of building new models of technological cooperation becomes relevant. The purpose of this article is to develop conceptual foundations and strategic approaches to the formation of technological alliances between the Russian Federation and friendly countries, as well as to propose effective mechanisms for overcoming barriers to technology transfer in the context of sanctions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in systematizing the impact of geopolitical fragmentation on technological transfer, proposing a comprehensive strategy for forming alliances based on technological complementarity, an ecosystem approach, and the principles of technological sovereignty, as well as in developing a multi-level system of mechanisms for overcoming barriers (legal, financial, logistical, and institutional). The study employs methods of theoretical analysis, comparative study of international experience, and a systematic approach. Strategic approaches to the formation of technological alliances have been developed, and practical mechanisms for technology transfer have been proposed. The results demonstrate that successful alliance formation requires a comprehensive approach, adaptation of cooperation mechanisms, and diversification of partnerships. The practical significance lies in providing specific recommendations for government agencies and high-tech companies on building sustainable scientific and technological cooperation that promotes technological development and reduces risks in the   context of geopolitical instability.

The article examines the use of special economic zones to develop mechanical engineering in North African countries. Given their dependence on foreign technology and low initial level of mechanical engineering development, these countries are interested in interacting with foreign companies in various forms. Each country places significant emphasis on developing its own industry and achieving specialization in specific sectors. Each of the three countries has its own approach to the use of special economic zones, in particular, the development of mechanical engineering. Morocco has attracted foreign anchor investors in the automotive industry, Renault and Stellantis, to the zones. Car production in Morocco in 2025 is largely export-oriented, reaching 1 million units for the first time in the history of Arab countries. per year. The localization level exceeds 65%. Successes in the automotive industry have led to the development of the zone system and other sectors of the machine industry. Algeria is not interested in developing special economic zones and, by providing a large local market, includes foreign manufacturers in its economic system and seeks to localize the production of components. In Egypt, machinery exports increased from $3 billion to $5 billion in 2023–2025 and will continue to grow. The country has stepped up its policy in the field of special economic zones, using the territory along the Suez Canal, and is also developing production in conventional industrial areas. The article analyzes Egypt's machine–building exports in detail, and concludes that there is a fairly high degree of diversification - cables, monitors, washing machines, refrigerators, ships, and weapons, while the local company is the leader in terms of volume. Egypt attracts foreign investors in two forms: to replace imports with domestic production followed by localization, for export with minimal integration of producers into the local economy, in the second case, the instrument of special economic zones is used.

Faced with objective global challenges and striving to develop within the global trend of the blue economy, the leading countries of Western Europe are successfully using new technologies, including digital technologies, which are shaping the path to a greener future and strengthening their positions in the global economy. This path is aimed at mitigating the most acute environmental risks, strengthening its presence in the blue technology markets, as well as maintaining international cooperation in relevant segments of the global economy and achieving sustainable development goals. The article consistently analyzes the situation in the development of the blue economy in Germany and France, identifies their priorities, revealing the internal logic and inherent contradictions of this process. It is concluded that Germany and France have come a long way towards developing a blue economy based on the formation of national and pan-European strategies, and remain Western European leaders in the relevant field. However, the authors conclude that upon closer examination, these strategies reveal their deeply adaptive and largely contradictory nature. The author substantiates the point of view on the need for a systemic transformation of the marine economy and leadership in new industries in the field of environmental protection, especially in the field of renewable energy sources (RES), in order to create new opportunities to strengthen national positions in the global market in the future. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical and logical methods, as well as special research methods such as system analysis, comparative analysis. The official documents of the governments of France, Germany and other countries, data from international organizations and the works of leading experts in the field under consideration were used as a theoretical and analytical base.