This study provides an assessment of the mechanisms and directions of transformation of international trade in the context of modern challenges of global economic development. Analysis of the latest trends in the dynamics of global trade indicates an increase in its heterogeneity in the context of participating countries and traded goods, which is largely due to the growing use of new restrictive measures in trade. The key factors affecting international trade in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions in the world are formulated. Controversial issues regarding the formation of a new international trade regime are discussed, which allowed us to draw conclusions about its gradual departure from the priorities of liberalism and economic globalization. New determinants of the transformation of international trade are identified due to a more aggressive trade policy and taking into account the growing concentration of export markets. The special role of the volatility of commodity raw materials markets in the transformation of modern international trade is shown.

The second decade of the 21st century has transformed the entire global mechanism of world economic relations in a manner unprecedented in comparison with all previous historical periods of world economic development in the direction of forming a new multicentric architecture of world order. There is a serious, in many cases, radical rethinking of classical ideas about the basic components of both world politics and the world economy. In the context of a new type of hybrid war, an increase in the factor of force in international relations, an expansion of the conflict space in a number of strategically important regions, the crisis of the entire world order is intensifying, including crises of the neoliberal economic model of the economy, economic globalization, and a degradation of many previous models and instruments of development is taking place. The multi-actor nature of modern international relations largely predetermines the nature of the world economy, including due to a significant increase in the impact of subjective factors on global trade and economic relations. The so-called "cancel culture", the illegal, from the point of view of international law, policy of sanctions of the "collective West" towards Russia, determine the peculiarity of modern world economic relations. The current situation in the global economy and international trade is essentially largely determined solely by political and ideological interests, rather than economic or foreign trade interests, which to a certain extent complicates the inevitable processes of adaptation of the global trade and currency-financial systems to the realities of a multipolar world. The increased activity of Russian business structures in the new conditions of the global foreign economic environment requires a transformation in the training of highly qualified domestic personnel specializing in foreign economic issues that is adequate to the changes taking place in the global economy and international trade.

The level of development of the state's economy is reflected in the indicator of gross domestic product, the formation of which is influenced by many factors, including a very extensive parametric block of the financial system, including the circulating amounts of money. In this context, the closest relationship is manifested in the resulting indicator – the level of monetization of the economy, which can be considered both as an assessment of the saturation of the economy with liquid funds for GDP growth, and as an assessment of the development of the financial system as a whole (including areas of regulation of monetary indicators and financial market indicators). The article provides an analytical review of the qualitative and quantitative significance of the level of monetization of economies with an emphasis on the indicator of the development of financial systems. The authors consider the dynamics of liquidity adequacy provided by the financial system in four directions: in general, according to the indicator of the level of monetization of the world economy, as well as on the basis of existing approaches to the classification of countries of the world, by geographical region (according to the UN classification methodology), depending on income level (World Bank classification methodology) and level of development (IMF classification methodology). The study uses empirical data for 2000–2024. Along with the generally accepted research methods, the authors propose the use of thermal analysis techniques. The result of the analytical review showed global changes in both the hierarchy of the world's economies and in the vector of development of the financial systems of states.

An entrepreneur or other representative of the business environment producing and selling products (works, services) containing intellectual property objects must ensure the rights associated with them. This will protect investments in the results of intellectual activity, as well as means of individualization (trademarks, etc.), which will ensure the commercial success of the enterprise in the selected market segment, provide an opportunity for an economic entity to take more advantageous market positions compared to competitors and, as a result, increase the volume of production and sales of products (works, services) in the domestic and international markets. In accordance with Article 1225 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, protected intellectual property objects (IPO) include copyright and related rights. The purpose of the article is to identify the differences in terminology between the understanding of the definitions of "counterfeit goods (counterfeit)" and "falsified goods (counterfeit)", to study the requirements of the legislation of the EAEU and the Russian Federation in this area and to determine the directions for improving the efficiency of customs authorities in the field of protecting rights to IPO. The subject of the research is the study of the work of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation aimed at preventing violations in the field of intellectual property. The main research methods are the genesis of the essence and content of basic concepts, comparative analysis, generalization, etc. The results of the work illustrate the need for further development of product labeling, as well as the adoption of active measures to maintain the Unified Customs Register of Intellectual Property Objects of the EAEU Member States.

The article offers a methodological approach to assessing the diversification activity of export activities at the regional level of the Russian Federation. An integral index is proposed that takes into account the diversification indicators reflecting the dynamics of export activity in a particular region. The assessment of diversification activity based on this index makes it possible to classify regions by the level of their export potential, identify risks and opportunities for further development of foreign trade. The application of the proposed methodology on the example of the regions of the Ural Federal District demonstrated the possibility of identifying sustainable trends in the diversification of export flows and identifying priority areas of state and regional policy in the field of foreign trade. The results of the study can serve as a basis for the development of scientifically sound recommendations for improving the export strategy at the regional level.

The article analyzes the dynamics and structure of bilateral trade between China and the countries of the League of Arab States (LAS), primarily with the Sultanate of Oman. It has been established that there is an increase in the trade turnover between China and its partner, while the balance is often not in favor of China due to the almost exclusive import of Arab hydrocarbons from China and exports of traditional products of machinery and light industry. At this stage, China has become the largest foreign trade partner of the Arab countries, displacing Western states in this area. The relevance, as well as the scientific and practical significance of the study, is due to the need, firstly, for a deeper analysis of the bilateral trade between the People's Republic of China and the Sultanate of Oman and the partial use of this experience in the Russian economy, and, secondly, to study the specifics of the development of the national economy and trade of the Sultanate of Oman, which is an urgent need from the perspective of, increasing its share in the extractive, industrial and financial sectors. The study was conducted on the basis of statistical and analytical materials and expert assessments of international institutions (UNCTAD, UN, OECD, WTO, IMF, World Bank) and organizations (OPEC, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab League, SAM, GCC, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development), research institutes of China, the results of the author's own research. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that it is important for Arab countries to form a long-term paradigm for the development of trade and economic relations with both China and other countries, and a conceptual model for its state regulation, taking into account not only current, but also the long-term interests of their own stable socio-economic development. In our opinion, the preferred option may be, for example, a unified (within the framework of the GCC) approach to solving these problems.

Historically, the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) prioritized political, cultural and humanitarian fields of multilateral cooperation. However, authors demonstrate that OTS has now taken a course to expand economic cooperation within the association and is taking consistent regulatory and institutional steps to do so. The main reason for the introduction of the economic agenda is the understanding of the insufficiency of political and humanitarian projects based on Turkic identity, culture and language to expand its influence in the region. At the same time, such development inevitably intersects with Eurasian integration and creates risks for Russia. The authors highlight that the size of the economies of the OTS countries is inferior to the economic power of the EAEU countries, however, the Turkic states illustrate a more dynamic growth than the EAEU and the world as a whole. Trade and FDI flows between the EAEU and OTS take place mainly in the bilateral format between Turkey and Russia for limited commodity nomenclatures (oil and metals) and investment projects (logistics). Despite the active humanitarian and cultural work of the OTS, the trade and investment connectivity of the countries does not yet reflect the implementation of the relevant initiatives laid down in the "Vision of the Turkic World-2040". The analysis demonstrates that for members of two organizations (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, which has observer status in the EAEU) Russia and the EAEU have a large economic role, but the Central Asian states support further integration within the OTS as part of their multilateral foreign policy. The role of Russia and the EAEU in the scenario of deepening integration within the OTS increases significantly, since it is the Russian Federation that is considered as a key player capable of balancing Turkey's regional influence by external actors. Based on this, the article suggests scenarios for further interaction between the EAEU and the OTG, which will allow to mitigate the long-term risks of Turkey's growing influence without switching to open confrontation and move away from the current tactics of ignoring the association. In particular, the authors consider the prospects for cooperation in the fields of «green economy», logistics, energy, science and education.

The article analyzes industrial policy in general and the choice of economic sectors with the best potential for job creation, contribution to GDP and budget revenues. The necessity of implementing industrial policy as the preferred choice and the main strategy for achieving the overall goals of the country's economic development, in contrast to the neoliberal approach of trade openness, is discussed. The economic development of a country requires the transformation of economic activity from low-productivity sectors to high-productivity sectors by targeting selected sectors in which the country has comparative advantages. Changes of this magnitude can be achieved through a targeted, coordinated and consistent long-term industrial policy implemented by the Government. The methodology for selecting potential sectors of the economy, as well as target countries for exports, trade, investments and economic cooperation is presented using the example of Kyrgyzstan. It is concluded that effective industrial policy and the choice of priority sectors of the economy, combined with the choice of strategic economic alliances within the framework of EAEU membership, contribute to the successful development of the Kyrgyz Republic over the past decade.

Poverty has remained a constant topic of scientific discourse since the new Russia emerged. Being deeply politicized and rather abstract when superficially studied, the issue of poverty is often considered exclusively in the context of the internal logic of the country's development. At the same time, while remaining a structural element of the Russian economy, the level of poverty in our country has a certain impact on the logic of global economic development. Based on this, the purpose of this work is to analyze the level of poverty in Russia and its dynamics against the background of Russia's changing position on its indicator in international comparisons. To solve this problem, the author considers a sample of 60 countries where poverty is regarded as an income of less than $6.85 per day and 52 countries where relative poverty statistics are provided – income below 50% of the median. This work covers the period from 2018 to 2023 (from the start of the Unified Plan for Achieving National Development Goals until 2024 and for the future until 2030 (hereinafter referred to as the Unified Plan) until the last year, for which official data from Rosstat are provided). The author considers poverty as a multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon, gives his own definition of poverty, taking into account the official definition of this concept in Russia, as well as changing approaches to its assessment. The article describes the dynamics and features of key poverty indicators established in a Unified Plan, such as poverty levels, incomes, wages, social benefits (including pension payments) and employment. Some data are presented for the Russian Federation as a whole, as well as for the subjects of the Russian Federation and individual industries. The longterm challenges and tasks related to specific indicators of socio-economic development, as well as the limitations of certain program documents, are highlighted.

The article presents an analysis of the situation in the field of higher education in six countries of the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia). The authors substantiate that the higher education sector has traditionally maintained a fairly high quality that meets international standards. However, the processes of global, regional, and country-wide economic and political transformation, coupled with increasing global instability and shifting accents in the sectoral structure of the world and the region, require new approaches to the field of education and its rather serious qualitative transformation. The rapid development of information technology has contributed to the progress of humanity and socio-economic well-being, but it is also extremely important for the region that regional education systems support the moral and religious values that are associated with the society of the Persian Gulf. The article shows that in recent years, the six Gulf countries have tried their best to stimulate economic transformation and diversified development through education and human resources reform, but they have faced disadvantages such as a highly divided labor market and weak support for education and human resources, they still face challenges such as a divided labor market and weak support for education and human resources, as well as problems such as the need to improve the team structure of talented specialists, educational synergies, etc. The authors conclude that the education reforms of the GCC countries should be coordinated, and unilateral changes make it difficult to achieve the expected goals due to their significant similarities in objectives, initiatives and goals.

The global trend towards digitalization is reflected in the spread of Industry 4.0 technologies in an increasing number of countries, including the states of the Arabian Peninsula, which increases the relevance of studying their digital transformation, which affects internal socioeconomic processes and international cooperation, primarily in the field of foreign trade at the regional and non-regional levels, and also on the evolution of regional economic integration. The purpose of the article is to identify the factors and directions of digitalization in the association of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Persian Gulf and to identify the specifics of their impact on integration and foreign trade. The author concludes that the processes of digitalization have already noticeably intensified in the GCC countries and comprehensively strengthen the foreign trade potential of the integration group. However, a number of problems remain in the digital sphere, as well as in the foreign trade sphere, which requires both closer attention from the government and the efforts of private business, as well as increased international digital cooperation. However, a number of problems remain in the digital sphere, as well as in the foreign trade sphere, which requires both closer attention from the government and the efforts of private business, as well as increased international digital cooperation. Therefore, it is important for the GCC countries to step up digitalization, in particular in the financial sector, while ensuring the security of transactions. 

The relevance of the topic is due to the rapid development of information and communication technologies and their impact on socio-economic development. For developing countries, including African ones, informatization and digitalization have become an important area of catch-up development. Africa is making impressive progress in this direction, although this process faces many challenges, including lack of access to electricity in some rural areas, low incomes and insufficient literacy of a part of the population. African markets for ICT goods and services have their own specifics and are developing unevenly. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of information and communication technologies on the foreign trade of African countries, both from the point of view of the ICT goods market and from the point of view of the role of ICT solutions in improving the efficiency of the organization and regulation of trade operations. The structure and dynamics of ICT goods markets are analyzed, and interstate and private projects in the field of digitalization of logistics and customs procedures are also characterized, including in the context of the creation of an African continental Free Trade Zone. The impact of digitalization on the development of e-commerce, as well as on the informal sector of African trade, is assessed.