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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mttp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная торговля и торговая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trade and Trade Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-7395</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-4649</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО "Российский экономический университет им. Г.В. Плеханова"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21686/2410-7395-2026-2-5-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mttp-900</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Институциональное развитие расширенной Туманганской инициативы: 30 лет спустя</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Institutional Development of the Greater Tumen Initiative: 30 Years On</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-6959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ниязова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Niyazova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Валентиновна Ниязова - кандидат экономически. наук, доцент кафедры гражданско-правовых дисциплин</p><p>690014, Приморский край, Владивосток, ул. Гоголя, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Niyazova - PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines</p><p>41 Gogol Street, Vladivostok, 690014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marinav.var@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Владивостокский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vladivostok State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ниязова М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ниязова М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Niyazova M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mttp.rea.ru/jour/article/view/900">https://mttp.rea.ru/jour/article/view/900</self-uri><abstract><p>Расширенную Туманганскую инициативу (РТИ) считают ведущим объединением экономического сотрудничества в Северо-Восточной Азии, действующим на протяжении тридцати лет. На ее развитие повлияли экономическая глобализация, геостратегические изменения и последовавший за этим рост протекционизма. В статье рассмотрены экономико-правовые особенности интеграционного сотрудничества в субрегионе. Проанализированы формы принятия решений в объединении и описаны торгово-экономические взаимоотношения между КНР, Россией, Республикой Корея и Монголией с использованием показателей товарооборота, индекса интенсивности торговли и индекса взаимодополняемости торговли. В результате выделены основные этапы институционального развития РТИ в международной экономической системе: международное правовое учреждение (1995– 2004 гг.); институциональное переформатирование (2005–2010 гг.); функциональная интеграция (2011–2020 гг.); цифровой и экологический переход (с 2021 г.). Зародившись как классическая модель формирования субъекта международного права, за 30 лет РТИ трансформировалась в лабораторию мягкого права в СВА на основе кооперации и институционального взаимодействия. Институциональное развитие партнерства оказало косвенное влияние на взаимные торговые потоки стран-участниц, несмотря на демонстрацию высокой заинтересованности друг в друге. Совокупный импорт этих стран рос опережающими темпами, но под влиянием геополитической напряженности на направления торговых потоков. Индекс интенсивности торговли между странами-участницами подтверждает заинтересованность в партнерстве, однако имеется потенциал для роста. Индекс взаимодополняемости свидетельствует об относительной совместимости торговых профилей стран и иллюстрирует разнонаправленную тенденцию. Сделан вывод о необходимости повышения интенсивности и комплементарности торговли на основе принципа взаимной выгоды для всех участников.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) regards as the leading economic cooperation framework in Northeast Asia, having been in operation for thirty years. Its development is under economic globalization, geostrategic shifts, and the subsequent rise of protectionism. This article examines the economic and legal characteristics of integration cooperation in the subregion. It analyzes the forms of decision-making within the association and describes the trade and economic relations between China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and Mongolia using indicators of trade turnover, the trade intensity index, and the trade complementarity index. As a result, the main stages of the GTI’s institutional development within the international economic system identify: international legal establishment (1995–2004); institutional restructuring (2005–2010); functional integration (2011–2020); digital and environmental transition (since 2021). Having emerged from the classical model of forming a subject of international law, over 30 years the GTI transforms into a «soft law» laboratory in the NEA based on cooperation and institutional interaction. The institutional development of the partnership has an indirect impact on the mutual trade flows of the participating countries, despite the high level of interest they show in one another. The aggregate imports of these countries grew at a faster pace, but trade flows are under geopolitical tensions. The trade intensity index between the participating countries confirms interest in the partnership, but there is potential for growth. The trade complementarity index indicates the relative compatibility of the countries’ trade profiles and illustrates a divergent trend. It concludes that there is a need to increase the intensity and complementarity of trade based on the principle of mutual benefit for all participants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Северо-Восточная Азия</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>экономическое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>взаимная торговля</kwd><kwd>индекс интенсивности торговли</kwd><kwd>индекс взаимодополняемости торговли</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Northeast Asia</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>economic cooperation</kwd><kwd>mutual trade</kwd><kwd>trade intensity index</kwd><kwd>trade complementarity index</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бейдина Т. Е., Литовченко А. П. 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