mttpМеждународная торговля и торговая политикаInternational Trade and Trade Policy2410-73952414-4649ФГБОУ ВО "Российский экономический университет им. Г.В. Плеханова"10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-24-38mttp-536Research ArticleМИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА И МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯWORLD ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONSВозвратная китайская миграция из США: уроки для РоссииReturn chines emigration from the USA: lessons for RussiaСадоваяЕ. А.SadovayaE. S.

Елена Сергеевна Садовая  кандидат экономических наук,  доцент, заведующая отделом  комплексных социально-экономических исследований

117997 Москва, Профсоюзная, д. 23

Elena S. Sadovaya, PhD, Assistant Professor, Head of Department 

23, Profsoyuznaya Street, Moscow,  117997

sadovaja.elena@yandex.ruНациональный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова Российской академии наукРоссияPrimakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202221112022832438Copyright © Садовая Е.А., 20222022Садовая Е.А.Sadovaya E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://mttp.rea.ru/jour/article/view/536

В статье анализируются факторы, движущие силы, направления и социально-экономические последствия возвратной миграции из США в КНР. Этот процесс рассматривается автором в контексте глобальных сдвигов, происходящих в современном мире. Автор формулирует теоретико-методологические подходы, позволяющие анализировать современную миграцию через призму геополитической и социально-экономической динамики. Такой контекстный подход позволяет глубже понять причины активизации процесса возврата китайских высококвалифицированных специалистов из Соединенных Штатов на родину.  В условиях, когда сложившийся вариант глобализации исчерпал возможности дальнейшего развития, борьба за таланты, квалифицированные кадры, способные внести существенный вклад в превращение стран в технологических лидеров формирующихся экономико-технологических зон, становится составной частью сражения за доминирование в новом постглобальном мире. Исследуя факторы и последствия современных миграционных процессов для США и Китая, оценивая шаги, предпринимаемые китайским руководством по возвращению на родину своих соотечественников, занятых в высокотехнологичных секторах американской экономики, а также их последствия для США, автор приходит к выводу о необходимости всестороннего исследования этого опыта с целью применения его в Российской Федерации.

The article analyzes the factors, driving forces, directions and socio-economic consequences of return migration from the United States to China. Author consider this process in the context of the global shifts taking place in the modern world. The author formulates theoretical and methodological approaches that make it possible to analyze modern migration through the prism of the geopolitical and socio-economic dynamics of the modern world. This contextual approach allows a deeper understanding of the reasons for the intensification of the process of returning Chinese highly qualified specialists from the United States to their homeland.

In terms when the current version of globalization has exhausted the possibilities for further development, the struggle for talents, qualified personnel capable of making a significant contribution to turning the country into a technological leader in emerging economic and technological zones, becomes an integral part of the battle for dominance in the new post-global world. Author explore the factors and consequences of modern migration processes for the United States and China, evaluate the steps taken by the Chinese leadership to return their compatriots employed in the high-tech sectors of the American economy to their homeland and their consequences for the United States. Author then conclude that it is necessary to study this experience in a comprehensive manner in order to apply it in Russia.

миграционная политикаКитайСШАборьба за талантывысококвалифицированные кадрыmigration policyChinaUSAtalent huntinghighly qualified personnelСтатья подготовлено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-014-00001 A «Глобальные и региональные последствия экономической политики США во втором – начале третьего десятилетия XXI века: новые вызовы и возможности для России».The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-014-00001 А “Global and Regional Effects of US Economic Policy in the second -the beginning of the third decade of the XXI century: New Challenges and Chances for Russia”.ReferencesВанг Б., Ли С. Предварительная разработка планово-ориентированной рыночной экономики в информационную эру. – URL: https://commons.com.ua/uk/bolshie-dannye-platformennaya-ekonomika-irynochnaya-konkurenciya/ (дата обращения: 06.12.2019)Vang B., Li S. Predvaritelnaya razrabotka planovo-orientirovannoy rynochnoy ekonomiki v informatsionnuyu eru [Preliminary Development of a Plan-Oriented Market Economy in the Information Age]. (In Russ.). Available at: https://commons.com.ua/uk/bolshie-dannye-platformennaya-ekonomika-i-rynochnaya-konkurenciya/ (accessed 06.12.2019)Все больше китайских специалистов возвращаются на родину из США. 12 января 2018. – URL: http://ekd.me/2018/01/vse-bolshe-kitajskixspecialistov-vozvrashhayutsya-na-rodinu-iz-ssha/ (дата обращения: 04.06.2021).Vse bolshe kitayskikh spetsialistov vozvrashchayutsya na rodinu iz SSHA [More and More Chinese Specialists are Returning to Their Homeland from the United States]. 2018, January 12. (In Russ.). Available at: http://ekd.me/2018/01/vse-bolshe-kitajskix-specialistov-vozvrashhayutsya-narodinu-iz-ssha/(accessed 04.06.2021).Грибова Н. Китай в технологическом противостоянии с США (часть 1). 10 ноября 2020. – URL: https://riss.ru/article/16006/ (дата обращения: 23.04.2021).Gribova N. Kitay v tekhnologicheskom protivostoyanii s SSHA [China in a technological confrontation with the United States] (chapter 1). 2020, Novemder 10. (In Russ.). Available at: https://riss.ru/article/16006/ (accessed 23.04.2021).ИИ двойного назначения. Китай планирует опередить США в области искусственного интеллекта. 11 февраля 2020. – URL: https://www.cnews.ru/articles/2020-02-10_ii_dvojnogo_naznacheniyakitaj_planiruet (дата обращения: 08.10.2021).II dvoynogo naznacheniya. Kitay planiruet operedit SSHA v oblasti iskusstvennogo intellekta [AI Dual Purpose. China Plans to Overtake the US in the Field of Artificial Intelligence]. 2020, February 11 (In Russ.). Available at: https://www.cnews.ru/articles/2020-02-10_ii_dvojnogo_naznacheniyakitaj_planiruet (accessed 08.10.2021).Кашин В. Б., Пятачкова А. С., Смирнова В. А. и др. Китайские эксперты об администрации Байдена до и после выборов в США. Аналитическая записка К5/01/2021 ЦКЕМИ НИУ ВШЭ, 2021. – URL: https://cceis.hse.ruKashin V. B., Pyatachkova A. S., Smirnova V. A. i dr. Kitayskie eksperty ob administratsii Baydena do i posle vyborov v SSHA [Chinese Experts on the Biden Administration Before and After the US Elections]. Analiticheskaya zapiska [Analytical note] K5/01/2021 TSKEMI NIU VSHE, 2021. (In Russ.). Available at: https://cceis.hse.ruЛебедева Л. Цифровая трансформация в социально-трудовой сфере: новые вызовы и возможности // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2019. – Т. 63. – № 12. – С. 42–49. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-12-42-49Lebedeva L. Tsifrovaya transformatsiya v sotsialno-trudovoy sfere: novye vyzovy i vozmozhnosti [Digital Transformation in the Social and Labor Sphere: New Challenges and Opportunities]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], 2019, Vol. 63, No. 12, pp. 42–49. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-12-42-49Садовая Е. С. Основные направления и возможные экономические последствия иммиграционной политики Байдена // Международная торговля и торговая политика. – 2021. – Т. 7. – № 3. – С. 9–22. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-9-22Sadovaya E. S. Osnovnye napravleniya i vozmozhnye ekonomicheskie posledstviya immigratsionnoy politiki Baydena [The Main Directions and Possible Economic Consequences of Biden's Immigration Policy]. Mezhdunarodnaya torgovlya i torgovaya politika [International Trade and Trade Policy], 2021, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 9–22. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21686/ 2410-7395-2021-3-9-22Сергеева А. Зарубежные соотечественники как составная часть концепции гармоничного общества в контексте диаспоральной политики КНР // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13: Востоковедение. – 2011. – № 1. – С. 43–53.Sergeeva A. Zarubezhnye sootechestvenniki kak sostavnaya chast kontseptsii garmonichnogo obshchestva v kontekste diasporalnoy politiki KNR [Foreign Compatriots as an Integral Part of the Concept of Harmonious Society in the Context of China's Diaspora Policy]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 13: Vostokovedenie [Moscow University Bulletin. Series 13. Oriental studies], 2011, No 1, pp. 43–53. (In Russ.).Сущенко М. А. Китайская диаспора как субъект модернизации КНР // Вестник КемГУ. – 2012. – № 2 (50). – С. 102–106.Sushchenko M. A. Kitayskaya diaspora kak subekt modernizatsii KNR [The Chinese Diaspora as the Subject of Modernization in the People’s Republic of China]. Vestnik KemGU, 2012, No. 2 (50), pp. 102–106. (In Russ.).Alden E. The Dangerous New Anti-Globalization Consensus. Foreign Policy, 2022. – May 3. – URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/03/globalization-deglobalization-inflation-economy-trade-borders/ (дата обращения: 15.08.2022).Alden E. The Dangerous New Anti-Globalization Consensus. Foreign Policy, 2022. – May 3. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/03/globalization-deglobalization-inflation-economy-trade-borders/ (accessed 15.08.2022).Allison G. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.Allison G. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.Allison G., Schmidt E. The US Needs a Million Talents Program to Retain Technology Leadership. Immigration is the United States’ Secret Sauce – Including in Its Competition with China. Foreign Policy, 2022. – July 16. – URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/16/immigration-us-technologycompanies-work-visas-china-talent-competition-universities/Allison G., Schmidt E. The US Needs a Million Talents Program to Retain Technology Leadership. Immigration is the United States’ Secret Sauce – Including in Its Competition with China. Foreign Policy, 2022. – July 16. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/16/immigration-us-technology-companies-work-visas-china-talent-competition-universities/Attracting Skilled International Migrants to China : a Review and Comparison of Policies and Practices, 2017. – URL: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_565474.pdf (дата обращения: 04.06.2021).Attracting Skilled International Migrants to China : a Review and Comparison of Policies and Practices, 2017. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_565474.pdf (accessed 04.06.2021).Echeverria-Estrada C., Batalova J. Chinese Immigrants in the United States, 2020. – January 15. – URL: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-states-2018 (дата обращения: 05.09.2021).Echeverria-Estrada C., Batalova J. Chinese Immigrants in the United States, 2020. – January 15. Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-states-2018 (accessed 05.09.2021).Ferguson N. The Ascent of Money: a Financial History of the World. The Penguin Press HC, 2008.Ferguson N. The Ascent of Money: a Financial History of the World. The Penguin Press HC, 2008.Haugen H. О., Speelman T. China’s Rapid Development Has Transformed Its Migration Trends. – URL: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/china-development-transformed-migration (дата обращения: 21.08.2022).Haugen H. О., Speelman T. China’s Rapid Development Has Transformed Its Migration Trends. Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/china-development-transformed-migration (accessed 21.08.2022).Hennebry J. Quarantined! Xenophobia and Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. – Geneva : IOM, 2020.Hennebry J. Quarantined! Xenophobia and Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. – Geneva, IOM, 2020.Huiyao W. China's Return Migration and its Impact on Home Development // UN Chronicle. – 2013. – N 3. – Vol. L. Migration. – URL: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/chinas-return-migration-and-itsimpact-home-development (дата обращения: 16.10.2021).Huiyao W. China's Return Migration and its Impact on Home Development. UN Chronicle, 2013, No. 3, Vol. L. Migration. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/chinas-return-migration-and-itsimpact-home-development (accessed 16.10.2021).Hurst W. Chinese Labor Divided. Dissent, 2015, Spring. – URL: https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/chinese-labor-divided (дата обращения: 11.07.2021).Hurst W. Chinese Labor Divided. Dissent, 2015, Spring. Available at: https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/chinese-labor-divided (accessed 11.07.2021).Kemp J., Spearritt M. China's Labour Market: COVID-19 and Beyond. 2021. – September 16. – URL: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2021/sep/chinas-labour-market-covid-19-and-beyond.html (дата обращения: 25.06.2022).Kemp J., Spearritt M. China's Labour Market: COVID-19 and Beyond. 2021. – September 16. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2021/sep/chinas-labour-market-covid-19-and-beyond.html (accessed 25.06.2022).Kharpal A. China is Ramping Up Its Own Chip Industry Amid a Brewing Tech War. That Could Hurt US Firms, – 2019 June 4. – URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/04/china-ramps-up-own-semiconductor-industry-amid-the-trade-war.html (дата обращения: 11.08.2021).Kharpal A. China is Ramping Up Its Own Chip Industry Amid a Brewing Tech War. That Could Hurt US Firms, 2019, June 4. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/04/china-ramps-up-own-semiconductor-industry-amid-the-trade-war.html (accessed 11.08.2021).Lee A. China Will Need More Than 35 Years to Upgrade to Hi-Tech Manufacturing Industry, Study Finds // South China Morning Post. – 2019. – July 19. URL: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3019316/china-will-need-more-35-years-upgrade-hi-tech-manufacturing (дата обращения: 16.10.2022).Lee A. China Will Need More than 35 Years to Upgrade to Hi-Tech Manufacturing Industry, Study Finds. South China Morning Post, 2019, July 19. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3019316/china-will-need-more-35-years-upgrade-hi-tech-manufacturing (accessed 16.10.2022).Luo M. America Was Eager for Chinese Immigrants. What Happened? In the Gold-Rush Era, Ceremonial Greetings Swiftly Gave Way to bigotry and violence. The New Yorker. – 2021. – August 23. – URL: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/30/america-was-eager-for-chinese-immigrants-what-happened (дата обращения: 13.04.2022).Luo M. America Was Eager for Chinese Immigrants. What Happened? In the Gold-Rush Era, Ceremonial Greetings Swiftly Gave Way to bigotry and violence. The New Yorker. 2021, August 23. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/30/america-was-eager-for-chinese- immigrants-what-happened (accessed 13.04.2022).Segal A. Is America Losing Its Edge // Foreign Affairs. – 2004. – Vol. 83. – N 6. – November/December. – URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-11-01/america-losing-its-edge (дата обращения: 20.08.2021).Segal A. Is America Losing Its Edge. Foreign Affairs, 2004, Vol. 83, No. 6, November/December. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-11-01/america-losing-its-edge (accessed 20.08.2021).Soon S. China Will Win the Trade War and Wean off American Technology in 7 Years, Strategist Says, 2019. – September 10. – URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/10/china-will-win-trade-war-reduce-reliance-on-ustech-strategist.html (дата обращения: 07.12.2021).Soon S. China Will Win the Trade War and Wean off American Technology in 7 Years, Strategist Says, 2019, September 10. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/10/china-will-win-trade-war-reduce-reliance-on-us-tech-strategist.html (accessed 07.12.2021).Wang G. Y. Talent Migration in Knowledge Economy: The Case of China’s Silicon Valley, Shenzhen. Int. Migration & Integration. 2021. – URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00875-5 (дата обращения: 18.11.2021).Wang G. Y. Talent Migration in Knowledge Economy: The Case of China’s Silicon Valley, Shenzhen. Int. Migration & Integration. 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00875-5 (accessed 18.11.2021).World Migration Report 2022. – URL: https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/ (дата обращения: 16.06.2022).World Migration Report 2022. Available at: https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/ (accessed 16.06.2022).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.